HOW TO ASSEMBLE PLUS AMPLIFIER POWER FM RADIO TUNER

To assemble the existing POWER AMPLIFIER STEREO FM RADIO her it must be prepared are:

    FM STEREO TUNER KIT (select anti hiss / noise)
    STEREO TONE CONTROL KIT (choose which there is a direct regulator IC)
    OCL POWER KIT STEREO (eg OCL 200 W produck BELL)
    TRANSFORMER CT (as needed 5A-20A)
    BOX

Step-by-Step Assemble stereo FM radio


    Solder the power cord to the transformer 0 - 220V and plug the Power Switch on / off
    Connect the output transformer (18V-0-18V) to the PCB Power Supply
    Connect the output Power Supply (+18 V, 0, _18V) goto STEREO PCB Power OCL. Caution: Do not reverse the polarity if reverse OCL STEREO POWER KIT can be damaged!!! Here 0 = 0V or GND (Grond / ground voltage)
    Connect the output SPK on OCL STEREO POWER KIT PCB to Terminal Sepeaker. Then try to plug the power cord into 220V electricity on the Switch and his later contact with the input on the PCB KIT STEREO POWER OCL. If you hear a loud noise on the SPK assemblies selanjutnya.Oh step forward right and yes ... Do not forget his Power OCL give the cooling fins (heatsink) large enough so that TR was not hot and it would be better given the fan too.
    Connect the 12V DC input (+, -) on KIT FM STEREO TUNER to PCB POWER SUPPLY (+18 V) should be given an extra regulator IC 7812, because the voltage is needed KIT FM STEREO TUNER is 12V. Well ... Output 12V tegagan of IC 7812 can also be used for tone control, as well as a series of galaxies, if you use the tone control and galaxies using voltage 12v. If IC 7812 overheat then give sufficient cooling and stick it on the box may be in IC 7812 is because body GND
    Connect the output (L & R) at KIT FM STEREO TUNER input to the PCB KIT STEREO TONE CONTROL. If you want his bass and treble sharper then you can add the Kit galaxy, or the like. This kit should be installed before the Tone Control.
    Connect the output (L & R) TONE CONTROL on the input (L & R) on POWER OCL. Connect the +12 V to VCC output IC 7812 and its negative to the Ground (CT transformer). But if you use the tone control to the right there are usually dual voltage IC 7815 and 7915 as a regulator. Then simply connect it to the PCB input VCC Power Supply (+18 V, 0V,-18V)
    Solder and connect the antenna to the TUNER input to the antenna.
    Thorough kembalil is correct and nothing has reversed its especially the VCC.
    ON the device and search the broadcast, if there is a signal or broadcast then the green light comes on and if the transmitter Stereo then the red light will also be lit.

ASSEMBLE RADIO FM TRANSMITTER MINI

Fm transmitter works at a frequency of 88-108 MHz and has a range of about 300 meters kebih, voltages used around 9 volt s / d 12 volt DC.
In order to further transmission power can use directional antennas yagi type.
The workings of the transmitter can be explained as follows:

Microphon convert sound vibrations into electrical vibrations and will be forwarded (clutch) by c4 to Q2 to be amplified and then transmitted (clutch) by c3 to Q1 for blending (modulation) with a high frequency generated by the C5 and Lc to produce radio waves emitted by the antenna.

Gambar Skema Rangkaian Pemancar

Keterangan gambar
C1 = 0.001uf
C2 = 5.6pf
C3, C4 = 10uf / 16V (ELCO)
C5 = 3-18pf
(trimer condensator)
R1 = 270 Ohm 1/4W
R2, R5, R6 = 4.7k 1/4W
R3 = 10K 1/4W
R4 = 100K 1/4W
Q1, Q2 = 2N2222A (NPN transistors) atau 2N3904
L1, L2 = 5 lilit
MIC = Electret Microphone
Sumber tegangan 9 Volt DC 2.
Pemancar mini fm ronica sc 197 Pemancar ini daya pancarnya bisa diatas 1km dengan ketinggian antena 5m.

HOW TO ASSEMBLE OR INSTALLING THE RADIO FM

I am often asked to make FM radio or adding to Sepeaker Amplifier and other active or
How to assemble? follow the steps - steps to assemble the following FM radio

To assemble the FM STEREO RADIO which should prepare the following:
1. FM STEREO TUNER KIT
2. KIT STEREO TONE CONTROL
3. OCL POWER KIT STEREO
4. TRANSFORMER 5 AMPERE CT
5. BOX

Step-by-Step Assemble stereo FM radio

1. Solder wires to the transformer electric 0 - 220V and barely Power Switch on / off
2. Connect the output transformer (18V-0-18V) to the PCB Power Supply
3. Connect the Power Supply output gets STEREO PCB Power OCL. Attention: Jaqan to reverse polarity if reverse OCL STEREO POWER KIT can be damaged!!!
4. Connect the output SPK on OCL STEREO POWER KIT PCB to Terminal Sepeaker. Then try to plug the power cord into 220V electricity and the switch is on and the touch input section on the PCB KIT STEREO POWER OCL. If you hear a loud noise on the SPK then reinforced properly and continue the next step.
5.

1. Connect the 12V DC input (+, -) on KIT FM STEREO TUNER to PCB POWER SUPPLY. should give additional regulator IC 7812, because the voltage is needed KIT FM STEREO TUNER is 12V
2. Connect the output (L & R) at KIT FM STEREO TUNER input to the PCB KIT STEREO TONE CONTROL
3. Connect the output (L & R) on the PCB KIT TONE CONTROL to input (L & R) on the PCB KIT STEREO POWER OCL
4. Connect the 12V DC input (+, -) on the PCB to PCB KIT TONE CONTROL POWER SUPPLY
5. solder and plug it into the antenna input on the antenna TUNER
6. Thorough kembalil is correct and no upside, especially the DC 12V.
7. ON the device and search the broadcast, if there is a signal or broadcast mak green light comes on and if the transmitter Stereo then the red light comes on also

GOOD TRY LUCK!!!

A brief history of FM radio

Modulation frequencies we know as radio or FM radio patented December 26, 1933 in America by Edwin Howard Armstrong. Through the regulation of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) W1XOJ station broadcasts its broadcast for the first time on January 5, 1937 which demonstrated directly by Armstrong in the 42-49MHz frequency spectrum and the frequency of the FCC gave permission for commercial use, which then formed the Yankee Network for broadcasting device sales FM radio (until the year 1945 to 55 FM radio stations), with propaganda FM quality is much better (and get stereo) rather than AM radio (Amplitudio Modulation), which had already been used.

In 1945 Radio Corporation of America (RCA) urged the FCC to move the FM frequency to a higher (88-108MHz) due to interference with television signals and to widen the use of television frequencies by shifting the frequency of 40MHz FM. Armstrong has failed to shift the FM patents to higher frequencies. RCA then Armstrong took over patent that makes crushed Yankee Network, until Armstrong's suicide jump from his apartment, tragic! Then his ex-wife with the widow Armstrong filed a patent trial to be restored in 1967.

BASIC UNDERSTANDING RADIO FM

Frequency modulation (FM) is a method of providing information on the carrier wave by varying the frequency, the system is different from amplitude modulation (AM) systems in which the amplitude of the carrier wave AM varied while the frequency remains constant .
FM transmission system with technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that can transmit high quality sound via radio waves.
FM story began in 1936 when Edwin Howard Armstrong menperkenalkan FM frequency as a method to reduce interference with radio broadcasts on Radio Engineers conference in New York on November 6, 1936. FM frequencies are widely used in telecommunications equipment to transmit sound without noise (interference). In analog applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier (the carrier frequency) is proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. The digital data can be sent by changing the carrier frequency of a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency modulation.

Characteristics of the FM signal

One. The most important characteristic of frequency modulated (FM) is immune to interference signal amplitude. The modulation is done by changing the variation frekuensi.Artinya, any waveform amplitude signal will not affect the audio output, while the radio signal from the transmitter is within range of a radio receiver.
2nd. FM has a resistance to noise and interference. The reason why FM is used for the transmission of high-quality broadcasts.
3rd. Another important feature associated with the FM broadcast. audio modulation can be applied during low power transmitters, and it is not necessary to use a linear form of reinforcement to increase the power level of the signal to the end.
4th. The FM broadcasts can use an RF amplifier for amplifying nonlinear signal FM transmitter. This is more efficient than linear RF amplifier, so for the same output transmit power, FM transmitter more efficient than the other transmitters.
Concept
To generate the FM signal, the radio carrier frequency must be changed according to the amplitude of the input audio signal. When the audio signal is modulated on a radio frequency carrier wave radio frequency waves will move up and down. The rate at which the wave moves up and down are known as "diversion" and represented one kilohertz deviation. For example, if the wave signal has a deviation of 4 kHz, the carrier wave is made to move from one transmission 4 kHz. FM band generally use between 88 to 108 MHz, with a deviation of about 75 kHz. This distortion is known as "bandwidth FM or WBFM. This signal has a large bandwidth and support for transmission with good quality. A bandwidth (broadband) is less used in communication systems FM. Two-way communication system (such as HT) using a narrow band FM, with a deviation of 3 kHz.
Broadcast FM
FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies to transmit voice and music with high quality. The sound of a normal TV also broadcast using FM. Band FM used in broadcast is generally called gamma-FM (FM broadband) or W-FM. In a two-way radio, FM narrowband (N-FM) is used to save bandwidth. Furthermore, FM is also used to send signals to the space. FM bandwidth (W-FM) requires a bandwidth wider than the system of amplitude modulation (AM) modulation signal with one equivalent, but the FM signal bandwidth is more resistant to noise and interference. Frequency modulation is also more robust than the sound effects are less clear.
FM radio receiver uses a special detector for FM signals and sometimes detector presents a phenomenon called the capture effect, which can be clearly tuner receives signals from two stations transmitting on the same frequency. An FM signal can also be used to carry a stereo signal using multiplexing and demultiplexing before and after the process of FM.

DEFINITION AUDIO

Audio In communication systems characterized by sound, electrical signals are used to bring the element of sound. The term is also commonly used to describe the system - a system that deals with the recording and transmission systems that capture / capture sound, sound carrier transmission connection, amplifiers and more.

RANGES AUDIO

Audio visual: soundsistem device that comes with the appearance of images, often used for presentations, home theater, etc..

Audio Streaming: a term used to listen to the broadcast live via the Internet. Unlike the other way, the download file and run it on our computer when the download has finished, we can hear the stream directly without the need to download the file at once. There are various audio streaming, such as Winamp (mp3), RealAudio (ram) and liquid radio.

Audio Modem Riser: A plug-in card for an Intel motherboard which contains the circuit or circuits audio and modem. AMR contains analog functions (codes) that dipelukan for modem operations and or audio

Digital music played with MP3 Player, iPod

Digital music using digital signal process sound reproduction. In the process of digitizing the recording format musikanalog, songs or digital music format has varied depending on the technology used, namely:

    MP3

MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) is the most popular format in digital music. This is because a smaller file size with quality not inferior to an audio CD. The format was developed and patented by the Fraunhofer Institute. With a bitrate of 128 kbps, MP3 files are of good quality. But the successor to MP3 Pro-MP3-format offers the same quality with half the bitrate of MP3. MP3 Pro is compatible with MP3. The MP3 player can play MP3 files Pro-but not as good as the sound quality device that supports MP3 Pro.

    WAV

WAV is a sound de-facto standard in Windows. Originally result ripping of CDs recorded in this format before being converted to another format. But now this step is often skipped because the file format is compressed and therefore usually not large.

    AAC

AAC stands for Advanced Audio Coding. This format is a standard part of the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG), since MPEG-2 standard introduced in 1997. Sample rate is offered to 96 KHz or twice MP3. This format is used Apple on its online music store, iTunes. The quality of music in this format pretty well even at low bitrate. iPod, portable digital music player from Apple, is the leading devices support this format.

    WMA

Format at Microsoft, Windows Media Audio (WMA) is the preferred vendor for support for online music Digital Rights Management (DRM). DRM is a feature to prevent the piracy of music, it was feared by the current music studio. Excess WMA music quality is better than MP3 or AAC. This format is quite popular and is supported by software and the latest hardware in general.

    Ogg Vorbis

Ogg Vorbis is the only file format that is open and free. Other formats mentioned above are generally patented and software developer or hardware manufacturer must pay a license for a product that can play the file associated with the format.
In terms of quality, excess Ogg Vorbis is a high quality padabitrate lower than other formats. Popular software, Winamp and pioneer Rio portable MP3 player supports this format in the models. Nevertheless, hardware support for this format is still rare.

    Real Audio

One format that is commonly found in low bitrate. The format of RealNetworks is commonly used in audio streaming services. At 128 kbps bitrate up RealAudio using the standard MPEG-4 AAC.

    MIDI

One audio format is better suited to the sound produced olehsynthesizer or other electronic devices, but not suitable for the conversion of the analog voice because it is not very accurate. Formatted files are small and are often used in cell phones as a ringtone.

Audio Mixer

In the world of professional audio, a mixing console, whether analog or digital, or also called a soundboard / mixing desk (soundboard) is a functioning electronic equipment blends (more popular with the term "mixing"), setting paths (routing) and change level, as well as dynamic harmonization of the audio signal. Signal - a signal that has been modified and arranged later confirmed by the final amplifier or power amplifier.
Audio mixers are widely used in various purposes, including recording studios, public call system (public address) systems, sound reinforcement, broadcasting both radio and television, post production and film making. An example of a simple application, a musical performance, for example, is extremely inefficient if we use each amplifier to strengthen every part of both singers and vocal musical instrument played by the accompanying band.

Here audio mixer will be an important part as a point gatherers from each microphone is installed, set the size of the sound level so that the sound level balance of both vocal and music will be reached before amplified by an amplifier.

Mixer is one of the most popular after the microphone. We know him better as the mixer, maybe most of us call it that because its function is to mix all the votes cast, then download seimbangkannya, making salura two-channel (stereo if LR, and one that mono), and then send it to the cross-over of new active fed to the power amplifier and finally to the speakers.

Mixing console received various sources of noise. Can of microphone, instrument, CD player, tape deck, or DAT. From here it is easy to do input and output level settings ranging from very soft to hard. If we suppose that an audio system iu suppose as human body, snake cable can we suppose that the nervous system, and the mixing console as the heart.

If there is a problem with it, it means the system is currently in big trouble. One of the most important requirement is a good mixing console input has a good gain, eq settings are also good. So will thus do more perfect setting and optimal for each microphone input, or whatever the sound source. There are many typical settings contained in a mixing console.

Structure Audio Mixer

Audio mixing consul Yamaha 2403 audio mixing console for live performance applications
Line inputs (input) is usually divided into several sections:
§ input jacks / amplifier front of the microphone (mic preamps)
§ basic input controls
§ Channel EQ (High, Mid high, medium and low)
§ Routing Section including Direct Outs, Aux-sends, pan control and subgroups that address
§ Input faders
§ subgroup faders
§ Output controls including Master level controls, EQ and / or routing matrix
In consul-beater did yamaha next few sections are given color codes to facilitate quick identification by the operator.
Depending on the type mixernya, whether it's mono or stereo input has an entry according to your own settings for each input. In most mixers, each channel has an entry type XLR, RCA Jack input size or 1/4 inch.
Basic input controls
Below each input, there are usually several rotary controller (knobs, pots). The first one is generally called gain adjustment or trim. Entry will set the signal from external equipment and controls, and adjusts the amount of gain or attenuation of the signal necessary for proper signal level to the next process. In this step, wherein most of the noise and interference have a major impact, which generally have a microphone gain of approximately 50 dB, the gain of this magnitude may be impaired.
XLR balanced inputs and connectors, such as type, Tip-Ring-Sleeve (TRS) jacks 1/4 inches, this will reduce the interference problem. Then be many entry points after the buffer / level gain, whereby if there is send or return from outside the processor will only affect the channel. entry point (insertion points) are typically used to control the effects of signal amplitude, as the noise limit (noise gate), pelebar (expansion) and compression (compressor).
Assist send routing
The auxiliary sending a signal that directs separate entry for that one auxiliary track can be used with external equipment. . Auxiliary sends, whether it is pre-fader or post-fader, where the level of a pre-fade send is set by Auxiliary control shipping, whereas post-fade sends depend on the position fadernya channel. . Auxiliary sends can also send signals to external processors, such as resonance, which can then be fed back to go through another channel or return incorporated into existing in the auxiliary mixer. Pre-fade auxiliary sends can be used to provide a mixture of monitoring the musicians on the stage, wherein the mixture monitoring is independent of the main line mixing.

Mixing consoles used for live performances.
Channel EQ
Setting the channel is still the channel EQ. These settings adjust the tones of equalization tone low frequency (bass), the midtone (midsize) and high tones (treble). In most of the width consul mixture (24 channels or more), generally has equalizing scanning one or more frequency bands is called parametric equalizer. Mixer with a smaller size to have any or any this equalizer. Equalizer also set the frequency level set Siara cliping not happen that would interfere with the sound quality of the resulting channel. mixer still has a few common equalizer controls the output level.
Subgroup and mix routing
Each channel has a mixer potentiometer audio cone-shaped rotary or sliding potensio meter to control the volume level of each channel to make it easier. The number of entries to determine how well the existing audio faders. Then, from each channel that is embedded in the range play "mix", or be subdivided into several sub-mixture. The complexity of this arrangement depends on what applications will be used mixer. Also, the mixer is provided "insertion point" for each bus or also in the total mix.

Electrical Power and Energy Calculations

1 Calculation of electric power on the system PLTMH

• Power turbine shaft

Pt = 9.81 xQxHx n (1)

• Power is transmitted to the generator

Ptrans = 9.81 x Q x H x nt x nbelt (1)

• Power generated generator

P ~. = 9.81 x Q x H x nt x nbelt x NGEN (3)

where:

Q = discharge, m3

H = effective head, m

ill: = efficiency of turbine

= 0.74 for crossflow turbine T-14

= 0.75 for open flume propeller turbines locally

nbelt = 0.98 for flat belt, 0.95 for V belt

NGEN = generator efficiency

This generator power generated will be supplied to the user. In planning the amount of power demand at the load center must be under terbangkit power capacity, so that the voltage is stable and the system became more reliable (long-lived)

2. Electricity needs of the community

Electricity needs of society, especially the rural electrification program is very limited. This is based on the availability of water resources potential, the ability to maintain and finance the use of electricity, as well as the amount of development costs.

One limiting factor is. the selection of the smallest current limiters on the market, which is 0.5 A, so that power can be used for the installation of each connection by an average of 110 W. The use of electricity to rural communities PLTMH, specifically for lighting used at night with a consideration of the day most people work.

Understanding Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering or electrical engineering (English: electrical engineering) is one of the engineering disciplines of application of electricity to meet the needs of the community.
Electrical engineering involves the concept, design, development and production of electrical and electronic equipment required for the community.

Electrical Engineers are professionals who play an important role in developing and promoting high-tech world of computers, lasers, space exploration, telecommunications, energy, and other applications of electronic devices and systems. Electrical engineering, in collaboration with engineers from other areas such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and civil engineering to design, develop and support the production of a wide range of products and services such as power distribution systems, personal computers, systems satellite, portable radios, radar systems, car power, artificial heart, and others involving electrical and electronic components.

Understanding of basic electronics

Understanding of basic electronics in general, will not find reference companion over the internet. But through this article, provide an explanation of the meaning, of course, based on expert opinion mengenail it. You can believe or not, please try to look for good references via Google, yahoo, msn or other search engines on the Internet. I even tried still've, and the results are there Nihi nickname. Therefore, here I will give the answer.

We start first with understanding your own electronics, science that focuses on learning with weak electrical current equipment where the operation is to control the movement of electrons or particles that have an electrical charge on a piece of equipment such as semiconductors, electronics, computers, termokope, etc.. The tools are then studied further with science is a branch of physics. The construction of electronic circuits and project creation is part of the science of engineering / electronics and instrumentation, electrical engineering, and computer art.

So where the position of basic electronics? Sure you could say Understanding Basic Electronics is an electronic part of science that studies the basic principles of the components, circuit, voltage; characteristics that must first be understood in the construction of electronic equipment. This understanding will not find my friend directly written by the author of the e-books are very basic in circulation today. But if my friend heard any other electronic book covering a base, it should be understood Understanding Electronic basic with good definition. Simply by looking at the table of contents in the first pages of this book, it will definitely have a basic discussion of the science of electronics.

Well, my friend, I hope this little explanation I can find answers to menginsiparsi now being sought. Feel free to express opinions, because he could be wrong if we have the justification to conclude. For those who do not have the book, I can look at this blog. There I offer pdf version of the book with ebook alias. Success is always yes, and not to be confused search Electronics basic understanding.