Geothermal Power Plant (PLTPB)

Geothermal energy, heat energy is stored in the rock below the land surface and the fluid contained therein. Geothermal energy has been used for power generation in Italy since 1913 and in New Zealand since 1958. Use of geothermal energy for non-electric sector (direct use) occurred in Iceland about 70 years. The growing demand for energy and oil prices, especially in 1973 and 1979, have spurred other countries, including the United States to reduce its dependence on oil by harnessing geothermal energy. Currently, geothermal energy has been harnessed for power generation in 24 countries, including Indonesia.
Besides the geothermal fluid is also used for non-electricity sector in 72 countries, among others, for space heating, water heating, greenhouse heating, drying of agricultural products, soil heating, drying wood, paper etc. .

Geothermal system in Indonesia is often a hydrothermal system having a high temperature (> 225 ° C), only some of which have a moderate temperature (225 ° C-150). Experience of geothermal fields were developed in world and Indonesia showed that the high temperature geothermal systems and are potentially searched for when power generation. The potential of geothermal resources Indonesia is very large, which is about 27,500 MW, about 30-40% of the geothermal potential in the world.

Geothermal power plant (PLTP) in principle the same as Steam Power Plant (CPP), just steam plant is on the surface using a boiler, while the steam from geothermal power plants geothermal reservoir. If the fluid at the wellhead in the form of a vapor phase, the vapor may be passed directly to the turbine, and then the turbine will convert geothermal energy of motion which will turn a generator to produce energy Electric.

If the geothermal fluid out of the head as well as the mixture of fluids in two phases (the vapor phase and liquid phase), the first held in the separation process fluid. This is possible through the passage of fluid into the separator, so that the vapor phase is separated from the liquid phase. The vapor fraction resulting from the separation is then channeled to the turbine.

If the geothermal resource has moderate temperatures, the geothermal fluid can still be used to generate electricity using binary cycle power plant (plant binary). In this power cycle, the secondary fluid ((isopentane isobutane, or ammonia) is heated by geothermal fluid through the heat exchanger of the engine or heat exchanger.

Secondary fluid vaporizes at a temperature below the boiling point of water at the same pressure. The flow of fluid to the secondary turbine and then condensed before being used again heated by geothermal fluid. Closed loop, wherein the geothermal fluid is not taken their time but only the heat is extracted by a second fluid, while the geothermal fluid is injected back into the reservoir.

There are still some energy generation system of geothermal fluid that have been applied in the field, them : Single Flash Steam, Double Flash Steam, Multi Flash Steam, , Combined Cycle, Hybrid/fossil–geothermal conversion system.

GAS POWER (PLTG)

Central Gas Plant (plant) is an electric power generator that uses equipment / gas turbine engine as a generator propulsion. The gas turbine is designed and built with a simple working principle of the heat generated from the combustion process of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy and then converted into electricity or other energy as needed. The deficiencies of the corrosive nature of the gas turbine is used in the materials for turbine components, because they have to work at elevated temperatures and the presence of chemicals corrosive fuel oil (sulfur, vanadium, etc.), but their development, increasing knowledge of material things started can be reduced, but not eliminated overall. With a low level of efficiency it is one of the shortcomings well and a gas turbine to improve efficiency of development can be adjusted / set temperature cycle operates by using a material which is capable of working at temperatures of turbine High and also to enhance efficiency by combining turbine power gas turbines and steam is commonly called a combined cycle.

PRINCIPLE OF WORK GAS Power Center (PLTG)

Central Gas Plant (Plant) has some major equipment, such as:

1. Gas Turbine (gas turbine).
2. Compressor (Compressor).
3. Chamber of fuel (combustion chamber).

The principle of operation of a power plant based on the Brayton cycle as in the diagram (p, V and T, s) below:

Initially, the air from the compressor to atmospheric pressure, wherein the temperature and pressure rise, and this process is generally referred to as the compression process in which most of the resulting air is used as combustion air, and partly used for cooling of gas turbine components. Inside the engine most of the combustion air will be mixed with the fuel injected and is triggered spark plug produce combustion process gas for generation of heat (thermal energy) with temperature and pressure

high, the heat generated is then used to rotate the turbine blades, where the turbine blades moving and stationary hot gas temperature and pressure decreased and this process is commonly referred to as the expansion process.

Furthermore, the mechanical energy generated by the turbine is used to turn a generator to produce electricity.

There are various types of work from the gas turbine cycle as follows:

Gas turbine open cycle (open cycle).
As in the work process in gas turbines, where the gas expands in the turbine hot gas will produce the (combustion gas) above the temperature is still very high and some pressure above atmospheric pressure, and then the former gas is removed or discharged to the outside air, which indicated as shown below.

Closed-cycle gas turbine (closed loop).
As in the work process in gas turbines, where the gas expands in the turbine hot gas will produce the (combustion gas) above the temperature is still very high and some pressure above atmospheric pressure, and then Gas is supplied into the first heat exchanger (heat rejection) medium to be cooled using cooling water or air until the temperature drops and flowed back to the input side (suction) of the compressor to be compressed Again, as shown in the figure below.

Gas turbine of open cycle equipped with a regenerator.
As in the two gas turbines during the work process, wherein the hot gas expands in the turbine will produce the gas (combustion gas) above the temperature is still very high and some pressure above atmospheric pressure, and after ex gas (combustion gases) flows to heat exchanger known as the regenerator, wherein the first gas is used to heat the air out of the compressor before being used as combustion air in the combustion chamber (chamber combustion), as shown in the figure below.



Gas turbine open cycle equipped with intercooler, regenerator and reboiler.


In both compressors and gas turbine cycle, each consisting of two (2) separate parts and generally referred to as low-pressure compressor and the high pressure compressor and a gas turbine low pressure and high pressure gas turbine. The flow of air and gases can be described as follows, atmospheric air first at low pressure compressor to be compressed, resulting from the flow of compressed air within the heat exchanger for cooling to the temperature and humidity, as well as producing the desired pressure cooling means using water or another cooling medium, from which the air is discharged into the high pressure compressor for compressed again for the production of a high temperature and pressure, with a density higher. High pressure compressor outlet air is channeled into the regenerator to achieve a higher temperature that is intended to facilitate the combustion process by means of gas heater former / exhaust (combustion gas) that uses the results of the first gas turbine low pressure. Furthermore, the regenerating air outlet flowed into the main combustion chamber (primary combustion chamber) that results from the combustion process and the resulting hot gas is used to rotate the high pressure turbine, the hot expanding gases of the turbine high pressure gas used is a (flue gas) flowed into the second combustion chamber (secondary combustion chamber) and commonly referred to as the side of the gas chamber is used reheater prior to combustion air which is capable of producing more hot gas is used to rotate a turbine and low pressure, the above cycle, as shown in the following figure.

Of the three last cycle gas turbine along a joint is intended to produce a power plant gas central (middle) with the expected level of efficiency is higher than the gas turbine cycle opened.

As for the power plant carrier gas is used several tools (auxiliaries) to assist in the cycle gas turbine goes well, such as:

1. Lubricating system (lubricating oil).
2. The fuel system (fuel system).
3. The cooling system (cooling system).
4. Air control systems (control system).
5. Hydraulic systems (hydraulic system).
6. Compressed air system (water pressure).
7. System of nebulization air (air atomising).

Steam Power Plant (PLTU)

Steam plant is a plant that depends on the kinetic energy of steam to produce electricity. The principal forms of this type of energy is connected to a generator turbine to rotate the turbine requiring the kinetic energy of hot water vapor or dry. Power plants using a variety of fuels, especially coal and fuel oil and MFO start early.

The first plant operating in Indonesia in 1962, with a capacity of 25 MW, the temperature 500 ¼ C, pressure 65 kg/cm2 boilers still use regular tube and generator cooling is done by air. Progress of the first boiler plant is equipped with a generator coolant pipe wall and be done with hydrogen, but its capacity is 25 MW. When the power was increased from 100 to 200 MW, the boiler must be equipped super Hiter, ekonomizer and pressure of the furnace. Then reheat turbine can conduct current and dual cooling and still use the hydrogen generator. It's only for a capacity of 200 MW steam has produced 131.5 kg/cm2 pressure and temperature 540 ¼ C and still use fuel oil.

When the capacity of 400 MW power plant reached the fuel oil is no longer used, but coal. Coal is used broadly divided into two parts, namely a high-quality coal and coal quality. If the quality of the coal used properly, it will result in very few harmful elements, so it's not pollute the environment. Being used when the coal quality is low, then it will produce a lot of harmful elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and sodium. Furthermore, when combustion is not perfect, it will produce toxic substances, as well as CO hence the efficiency is low.

Coal power plant in Indonesia, which was built in Suryalaya in tahun1984 with an installed capacity of 4 x 400 MW. Bukit Asam So coal power plant with a capacity of 2 x 65 MW in 1987. And, in 1993, the operation of the plant also Paiton 1 and 2, each with a capacity of 400 MW. Then, the plant will be developed Suryalaya units 5-7, with a capacity of 600 MW / unit. Coal power plant capacity in 1994 reached 2130 MW (16% of total installed capacity). In 2003 an estimated capacity of 12,100 MW (37%) in 2008/09 reached 24,570 MW (48%) and in 2020 about 46,000 MW. At the same time, the use of coal in 1995 found that in order to produce 17.3 TWh of electrical power required sebsar 7.5 million tons of coal. And in 2005, coal consumption is estimated at 45.2 million tonnes, with the electricity generated reached 104 TWh.

The amount of coal use will certainly determine the cost of plant construction. The price of coal itself is determined by the amount of heat (Kcal / kg), or when the amount of heat will maintain the low price of 1% per year. Heat medium is determined by the amount of SOx substances, which is a toxic substance, to plant must be equipped Sox vacuo. This is why the cost of coal plant 20% greater than the plant oil. When coal use your content SOx low, then there needs to be complemented by the power vacuum thus SOx power charcoal prices could be cheaper. Generation of excellence is the cheaper fuel and oil reserves are available in large numbers and spread throughout Indonesia.

Wind Power

Wind Energy or sometimes called Bayu Power Plant (charcoal) is one of the power plants renewable energy are environmentally friendly and a good work efficiency when compared to other renewable energy plants. Laryngotracheobronchial operating principle is to use the kinetic energy of wind to the effective area of the wind turbine to rotate baling-baling/kincir then transform the energy is transmitted to generator to produce electricity.
Based on data from GWEC, the number of charcoal in the world at this time was 157,900 mWatt (by end 2009), and generators of this type each year has increased by 20-30% in construction. Laryngotracheobronchial current technology can change the movement of wind energy into electrical energy, with an average efficiency of 40%. Efficiency of 40%, because there is always the remaining kinetic energy in the wind as the wind turbine is off is not possible to have zero velocity. Figure 1 is the growth rate of total electricity and charcoal in the world that exists today.

Nuclear Power Plant

Nuclear Power Plant (NPP)

P nuclear rinsip work basically the same as conventional power plants, ie the water evaporates over burning kettle. The resulting steam flow to the turbine which will move when there is a vapor pressure. Turnover is used to drive a turbine generator, producing electricity. The difference in conventional fuel power plant to generate heat using fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. The impact of burning fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and dust particles containing heavy metals. Combustion will be too emisikan to air and potentially contaminating the environment, which can lead to acid rain and global warming. Although the nuclear heat is used to produce steam same resulting cleavage reaction of the core of fissile material (uranium) in nuclear reactors. As heat transfer is generally used water is circulated continuously to operate nuclear plants. The process plant using uranium fuel does not release particles such as CO2, SO2, NOx, or not smoke or dust containing heavy metals are released into the environment. Therefore, nuclear power is the generation of green electricity. Radioactive waste resulting from the operation of nuclear plants is in the form of spent fuel elements in solid form. The elements of this spent fuel can be stored temporarily on site plant before storage management.

Attached Security: Security is attached is designed based on the properties of water and natural uranium. When the temperature in the reactor core increased, the number of neutrons that are not captured and are not experiencing the deceleration will increase, so that the cleavage reaction is reduced. As a result of the generated heat is also reduced. These properties ensure that the yard will not be damaged control system of the reactor, it did not work.

Double barrier: NPP has a tight security system and a multi-layered, so the possibility of accidents and the impact is very small. For example, radioactive nuclei produced during the cracking reaction of uranium most (> 99%) remains in the matrix of fuel, which serves as the first barrier. During operation, and in case of accident, the fuel cartridge, will act as a second barrier to prevent release of radioactive substances without the coating. If radioactive substances may also be outside the liner, there is a third barrier is the cooling system. In addition to the cooling system, there are four barriers in the form of a pressure vessel steel having a thickness of ± 20 cm. The fifth barrier is the concrete barrier with a 1.5-2 m thick. If there were a radioactive substance that escapes from the shell of concrete, there is still the barrier sixthly, the insulation system consisting of steel plates of a thickness of concrete and + 7 cm thickness 1.5 to 2 m are airtight.

Defense in depth: the safety of a nuclear power plant project adheres to the philosophy of defense in depth (defense in depth). Defense in depth include: security layer first, nuclear plants are designed, constructed and operated according to a very strict technology, high quality and advanced technology. The security system second-level nuclear is equipped with a safety / security is used to prevent and deal with the consequences of accidents that may occur during the lifetime of nuclear power plants. The third safety, nuclear plants are equipped with additional security systems, which can be invoked to deal with the possibility of an accident, or a severe accident is estimated to occur at a nuclear power plant. However, the accident probably would never happen during the lifetime of nuclear power plants.

Radioactive waste: During the operation of nuclear power plants, pollution by radioactive substances into the environment can not be said. Sea or river water used to transport heat from the condenser does not contain a radioactive substance, since it is not mixed with cooling water circulating in the reactor. At the same time, the radioactive gas may exit the reactor system remains trapped in the system is through the nuclear containment ventilation system with filter layers. The gases released through the chimney activity is very small (about 2 millicurie / year) which is likely to have an impact on the environment.

Solar Panels Solar Power Generation

Generating your own electricity at home? This was possible with the installation of solar panels / solar cells, solar panels - solar cells convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity is stored in a battery switch, battery lights.
In the use of solar panels / solar cells to generate electricity at home, there are some things we need to consider, because the characteristics of the solar panel / solar cell:

Solar panel / solar cell requires sunlight. Place the solar panel / solar cell in a position where not obstructed by objects in the morning until evening.
Solar panels - Solar cells generate direct current DC power.
For efficiency, the use of DC lighting, such as LED lamps.
Installing a new cable specifically for DC Direct for the following devices such as: lighting based on LED (light emitting diode), CCTV camera, wi-fi (wireless fideliity), etc..
If we create a new home, it is advisable to use electricity and solar panel / solar cell. Solar panel / solar cell is used for most lighting (in this case, using direct DC) and alternating current AC PLN for devices such as: air conditioning, minibar, partially lighting.
When the DC power stored in the battery to turn on the air conditioner to use: water pump, refrigerator, etc. will require an inverter to convert DC power to AC. Adjusting the energy needs required with solar panels, inverter, battery.

How does hydroelectric / hydropower

Generation environment because it uses water as the primary energy. Water energy source with a certain height is used to drive a turbine coupled to a generator.

Hydropower:

1.Waduk
2.Main Gate
3.Bendungan
4.Penstock
5.Katup main
6.Turbin
7.Generator
8.Draftube
9.Tailrace
10.Transformator
11.Switchyard
12.Kabel Streaming
13.Spillways

Power Plant is a coal-fired thermal tanaga convert the potential energy of water (energy, gravitational water) into electrical energy. Driving machine used is a water turbine to convert the potential energy of the water into mechanical work spindle will rotate the rotor of a generator to produce electricity.


Water feedstock can be obtained hydraulics can be obtained in various ways, eg from the river flowing directly to turn a turbine or a first mode accommodated (together - rainwater same) using Tando tank or reservoir before be channeled to turn a turbine.

Reservoir:

Hydropower with reservoir
Water from rivers or stored in a place for a certain time with the dammed. The water in the reservoir passes through the open channel through the drainage water through a tube which then closed quickly turbine to generate electricity.

: Conversion of energy and hydroelectric PRINCIPLES

In principle, the process of hydropower potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy by the head, then the kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical energy that drives the turbine of water flow and mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by means of rotation of the generator rotor. The amount of electricity that can be generated by water depends on two things, water upscale (head) and the water flow (discharge).


Scheme:

Hydroelectric Energy Image conversion scheme

To be able to generate electricity from water that pass through various stages of energy changes, namely:

One. Potential Energy
The potential energy is energy that occurs as a result of the potential difference, which is due to the height difference.
The amount of potential energy that is:
P = m. g. h
Where:
PE: Potential Energy
m: mass (kg)
g: gravity (9.8 kg/m2)
h: head (m)


2nd. Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy is energy generated due to the flow of water causing the water to a certain speed, which is formulated
K = 0.5 m. v v
Where:
Ek: kinetic energy
m: mass (kg)
v: velocity (m / s)

Mechanical 3.Energi
The mechanical energy is the energy resulting from movement of the turbine. The amount of mechanical energy depends on the size of the potential energy and kinetic energy. The amount of mechanical energy
formulated:
Em = T. . t
Where:
In: mechanical energy
T: torque
: Angle of rotation
t: time (s)

4th. \ Electricity TEnergi
When the turbine rotor wheel also rotates to produce electric power according to the equation:
El = V. I. t

Where:
El: Electricity
V: voltage (Volt)
I: Current (Amperes)
t: time (s)


Dam
Dams:

Or dam construction of the dam is built to withstand the rate of water reservoirs, lakes, or recreation. The dam is also used to drain water in a Central Power Station. Most of the dam also has a section called the gates of having unwanted water in stages or continuously. Types of dams include:

One. \ TBendungan Concrete
a) \ Gravity tBendungan
b) \ Arcos tBendungan
c) \ cavity tBendungan
2nd. \ TBendungan urugan
a) \ tBendungan Stone urugan
b) \ earth tBendungan
3rd. \ TBendungan Easel
4th. \ TBendungan Wood


TURBINE

Turbine:

Turbine consists of equipment and equipment consists of multiple turbine inlet water supply, as the blade (corridor), fast tube (holds), the turbine (spiral chasing), the main valve (inlet valve), the tube released (draft tube), safety devices, shaft, bearings (bearings) and electrical distributors. According to the amount of movement of water turbines can be divided into two groups: the reaction turbines and impulse turbines. Reaction turbine works because the water pressure while the work impulse turbine, because the speed of the water reaching the blade.

Principle of operation of razor blades-Reaction Turbine (runners) on Francis turbine and propeller blades serve as a road, a position sudunya fixed (can not be moved). While the blades in Kaplan turbine blades serves as a mobile sudunya position (on axis) is regulated by the servomotor with manual or automatic opening according to the set of blades. Process water pressure drop occurs in both the assembly and the slides on the blades (blade runner). The principle of Pelton turbine Terja different reaction turbine blade blade-shaped bowls serving as blades fixed position (could not move). In this case, the pressure drop of water is especially true in the blades just set it (nozzle) and too little (insignificant) occurs on the blades (bowls channels).

The water used to generate electricity could come the dam was built on the mountaintop, or groundwater flow. Due to water sources variables, the water turbine designed according to the characteristics and quantity of flowing water. Here is a different type of turbine used for hydropower.


GENERATOR
Generator:

Electricity generator is a device that produces electrical energy from mechanical energy source. The generator consists of two main parts, the rotor and stator. The rotor consists of 18 pieces of iron were wrapped around the wire and mounted in a circle to form nine pairs of north and south poles. If the pole is energized excitement automatic voltage regulator (AVR), then there will be a magnet. The rotor is a shaft with a turbine, so that if the rotor of the turbine wheel rotates too. Rotating magneto tension produced in the yarn each time a pole has "coil" located in the stator. Then, the voltage is then into electricity. For the generator to produce electricity, there are three things that should be considered:


1. \ TPutaran
Rotor rotation is influenced by the frequency and the number of pairs of poles on the rotor, according to the equation:
= 60. f / P

where:
: round
f: frequency
P: the number of pairs of poles
The number of poles on the rotor in hydropower Saguling much as 9 pairs, with a frequency of 50 Hertz system, the importance of the value of rotor rotation of 333 rpm​​.

2. \ TKumparan
Many and large number of coils on the stator affects the amount of power that can be generated by

3. \ TMagnet
Magnets for permanent magnet generator is not, but rather resulted from a twisted iron wire. If the coil is energized excitation of the AVR it will arise from the rotor magnet.
In order to get the equation:
E = B. V. L

where:
E: Style electromagnet
B: Strong magnetic fields
V: speed of play
L: Length of conductor

From the third case, which is still worth a round rotor and coil, so that the load is generated accordingly, then that can be arranged are kemagnetannya properties, by regulating the amount of incoming flow. The greater the incoming flow, the greater the value kemagnetannya, while smaller flows that enter, the smaller the value kemagnetannya.

According to the type of placement bearingnya thrust, the generator is divided into four, namely:

a) \ tJenis ordinary - placed over the generator thrust bearing with two guide bearings.
b) \ tJenis Umbrella (Umbrella Generator) - thrust bearing and a bearing guide placed under the rotor.
c) \ tJenis half umbrella (Umbrella Semi Generator) - a combination of guides and thrust bearings placed under the rotor and the second rotor placed over the guide bearing.
d) \ tJenis Supporting Down - thrust bearing placed under coupling.
Generators are used in Saguling is kind of Half Umbrellas.

How does Power Generator

 Electric generator is a dynamo, who served as a power plant. This electrical generator converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. Electric generator was discovered by Faraday in 1831. At that time, an electric generator is made in the form of a coil of wire iron U-shaped Electric generators are known by disc name Faraday generator. The operation of an electric generator is the use of electromagnetic induction, by rotating a coil in a magnetic field that causes induction energy.


There are two main components to the electric generator, namely: Sator (fixed part) and the rotor (movable parts). The rotor is connected with the shaft of the electric generator rotates at the center of the stator. Then the generator shaft is generally played with the effort coming from the outside, for example from a water turbine and a steam turbine.

Based on the type of electrical current, power generators can be divided into two types, namely alternator power generator (AC) generator and the electric dynamo (DC). Here is a description of how the electric generator:

# AC electric generator

In AC power generator, there are 2 parts of the stator. Pole - opposite magnetic poles facing up so that the two magnetic poles are generated magnetic fields. In nature there is a simple rotating magnetic field kumpran on its axis. Because the coil is always turning, then the amount of magnetic force that goes to the coil also always change - change. The nature of the electrical current generated by this type AC power generator back - back with a waveform like; amplitude depends on the magnetic field intensity, the number of turns of wire, and a broad cross section of the coil, as well as wave frequency equal to the frequency of shaft rotation.


# ELECTRIC GENERATOR DC

The operation of a DC electric generator similar to the functioning of AC electricity generator. The only difference being the DC power generator using a split ring or commonly called a switch off. Switch allows the electric current supplied to the induction of an electrical circuit such as the DC electricity flow to the coil to produce therein alternating current.